Editing Techniques

continuity editing techniques - This is the invisible editing style, used by Hollywood

eye line match - when we see someones eye line and see what they are looking at

Cross cutting - two different scenes,shown at the same time, they happen simultaneously to show that the two scenes will join

Match On Action - the action matches the outcome

Cut away - when you insert something into a shot to give in meaning

Jump cut - a tiny/split second cut in a sequence that moves the action forwards; it shows the passing of time and adds and sense of urgency

Fade in/ fade out - is used to change a scene, often in a horror film

Dissolve - one shot blends into another, it can show the passing of time, what the characters are thinking about

Wipe - it wipes one scene off the scree, replacing it with another one immediately

Sound Bridge - is a piece of music that links two scenes together, it is used to add continuity to a scene, and make it look like there has been no editing

Montage - is many quick shots put together to speed up time

Split screen - two actions in two different locations on the screen at the same time

Flash back - goes into someones mind/ past event to provide context and a back story for a character

Slow motion - builds suspense, used in fight scenes and rom coms etc... it reinforces the action

Pace - slow pace, for sadness and genre, to show dialogue that is important to the narrative
Fast pace, high intensity action

Shot reverse shot - used to convey information during a conversation

Reaction shot - focuses on a character and shows the reaction to a situation

camera time - the amount of time the camera spends following or with a particular person, The more time you invest in a character shows that they are more important

Skyfall Analysis

M - represented as a counter type as her roles are reversed; the women with a position of power, she has male characteristics to show that she is in charge and powerful.

Bond- powerful, heroic - the archetypal male

Money Penny - plays the sidekick, a stereotypical character role, conforms stereo typically to gender expectations by letting the male take control (however she does have some power)
- she comes on whenever the man wants.

CAMERA	1.       Camera tracks behind bond (leader alpha male), the over the shoulder shot shows him saving a life- his caring side. 2.       Wide shot – tells us that M us powerful 3.       Low angle looking up, giving bond power and status , followed by a tracking shot of bond, medium close up : lighting shines on him (bright) 4.       Close up demonstrates M’s strength and her determination, switches between close up and birds eye view.
SOUND	1.       The diegetic voice over, which makes M sound heartless, informs us that bond is being directed by a woman which is counter typical. Non diegetic music is sinister, loud suggesting there is tension and makes bond to look heroic 2.       Diegetic dialogue reinforces his control by sounding superior and in control 3.       Roar of the motorbike, male action hero, tells us the genre of the film 4.       Diegetic dialogue “we both know what’s in stake” – shows her power
EDITING	1.       Eye line match demonstrates her is searching for something, represents him as the action hero, Match on action – caring and helpful 2.       Simultaneous cross cutting demonstrates 2 different actions in 2 different places, occurring at the same time. 3.       Fast paced, action packed scene however he is calm. Shows his intelligence and calmness under pressure 4.       Match on action =, she hits glass and it smashes showing she is strong
M/E/S	1.       Props used such as laptop, wash cloth and gun. Costume – suit, makeup- blood 2.       The car demonstrates the women being led by the man; she is waiting for him. M is in front of everyone and has a bigger office – demonstrates her power, stereotypical female driving 3.       She is lying in the car, whilst he is out fighting. 4.       Looks determined.

The 180 degree rule

in film making, the 180 degree rule is a basic guideline regarding the on screen spatial relationship between a character and another character or object within a scene

- to break the 180 degree rule, you have to show movement via a tracking shot
- to change the rule, you can switch to another character and cut back as this also helps to establish continuinty

Mise-en-scene

 Mise-en-scene

Costume - defining era, personality, gender/sexualiy, importance, class and status

Lighting - creating shadows tells you if a characters bad, e.g lowkey and highkey lighting

Actors - movement, positive, facial expressions, gestures

Makeup - hair and appearence

Props - everything other than the actors/characters

Setting - props set the setting, location, genre, tells importance of the character

Using examples using examples of sound and mise-en-scene, explain how the bride is represented         
differently in the 2 scenes 

In the first scene, the two main types of sound used are diegetic and synchronous sound. these are used to portray the brides vulnerability and the two men's dominance over her. we hear a lot of panting and crying noises, which represent the Bride's fear and also showing that she has no hope; with impending doom. The loud panting also connoted the idea of chlosrtraphobia, showing that she has no control over the situation she is in. However, in the second scene, there is a use of non diegetic  sound of music. There is a slow beat signifying her heart and how now she is calm and in control. The speeding up of the music is also used to signify hope and how she will eventually escape. it represents also optimism through the style and the speed of the music, in contrast with the first scene.

Mise-en-scene is also used throughout the first and second scene to portray and represent the bride, and how she changes from one scene to the other. Setting is a main component throughout both of the scenes of Kill Bill volume 2. For example in scene, they use crickets to connote how isolated she is, this isolated setting also signifies how there is no hope, due to the fact that there is nothing around her. The lighting is also different in both scenes, the torch for example shows and darker and smaller light, it was also filmed with mainly white and black colours. This signifies no hoe and also represents. death. However, in the second scene, the lighting gets much brighter, portraying hope and optimisms. Additionally, lighting makes the coffin look bigger, changing the setting they are in and therefore representing a change in the Brides feelings from stressed to calm. The feeling of clanes and cleverness is also portrayed through the use of props e.g the boot and the knife.

Kill Bill Analysis

diegetic - sound that actors can hear
non-diegetic - sound that actors can't hear
synchronous sound - sounds that match the action
Asynchronous -  sound that doesn't match the action on screen (e.g a narration)
contrapuntal - sounds that are opposite to what is happening

Kill Bill Volume 2 - scene 1 

Sound :
slurping of the can - beer?, power, hillbilly, working class
loud panting - scared
digging - no escape, end of hope
feet movements - violence, vulnerability
flicking the torch on and off - hope
crickets - isolated location
music - western sounds/ death?
crying - impending doom
heavy breathing - panic
laughter - no mercy, underestimate, stupid
Hammering noise - estuishing hope

Camera Angles:
 low angles - allows us to feel her pain, shows us the importance and dominance of the men
Eyeline match - making the audience emphasise and feel like they are the bride
He gets more campera time and dialogue showing his power and her vulnerability
extreme close up - show fear on her face
Black and white colour - shoes no hope and represents death

Kill Bill Volume 2 - scene 2

sound :  
music speeds up/gets more powerful - The non diegetic is used used to signify hope, control, calmness
Drum beat- represents her heart beat
heavy gasps of air ( diegetic )
the music stops once she reaches the surface - she has triumphed

Camera Angles: 
extreme close up - signifies that she is determined
close up of feet allows the audience to know to concentrate on her boots
camera shot form eyes to feet ( eyeline match ) shows that she is using her resources
medium shots - how tenacious she is at espcaping, shows her hands, face and upper body
The light gets much brighter
they make the coffin look much larger

Poster Analysis

                                                             
denotation - to discuss a text at a denotative level; i.e you describe what you see

Connotative- after this you discuss what these elements may mean or signify

Sherlock Holmes:
- staring directly into the camera
- darkness which signifies that it takes place at night time
- metal boarder shows coldness and how the film may include prison
- Holmes is at the front, showing that he is the most important

Run Lola Run:
- the red shows danger
- picture not in focus, something unknown behind her?
- tattoo, signify that she is not innocent/ she is rebellious
- repetition of run, shows more than 1 problem/ multiply connotations

Pulp fiction:
- looks frayed and 10 cents sign shows that it is an old film, low rent detectives, violence, gangsters
- gun signifies violence
- her outfit signifies sexuality to target men as the audience
- she is wealthy and proud of herself - shown by her nails
- red lighting shows blood and violence

The Shining:
- his facial expressions - looks like he's watching someone
- extreme close up - to show the expression on his face
- greasy hair and bags under eyes - crazy?
- red and black colours - portrays what genre it is placed in - horror?

The Rule of Thirds

The rule of thirds is applied by aligning a subject with the guide lines and their intersection points, placing the horizon on the top or bottom line, or allowing linear features in the image to flow from section to section.

The creator of this poster has placed the character’s eye line exactly at the top intersection, this immediately draws the attention to the character, telling the audience that she is the protagonist within the film. Additionally, the rule of thirds is used with the writing; it is clear that the writing is positioned in both the top and bottom thirds of the poster, thus allowing us to focus on the main features in the centre.  The rule of thirds in this poster allows for specific focal points, highlighting the most important features.

The poster also uses C.L.A.M.P.S: for example, the positioning of the character illustrates that she is the main character and that is who we should be focusing the majority of our attention on. Additionally, the majority of the lighting in this poster is black and white, showing the audience that the film is going to be of a dark nature and that it is not going to be happy, however the brightness of the gold shows that there is hope and could possibly have a “happy ending”

The rule of first is also used within The revenant as the eyes are in the top third, this immediately focuses our eyes at the top of the poster, also allowing us to notice the scenery and therefore allowing us to understand more about the film and where it is set, additionally the eye is focused in the top thirds also, attracting us to the intensity of the film.

Danger is portrayed through colour within the poster, we can see this through the red a blue colour, representing blood and coldness.

    

This poster is a direct example of the rule of thirds as they eyes or the main character are aligned within the upper third line. This immediately draws the audience’s attention to the eyes making the centre of attention. Next our eyes are focused in the middle third, allowing our eyes to flow from the top to the centre and then eventually to the bottom where the text has been placed. This influences the eye line to travel across the image to find out what the film is. The Actresses eyes are red representing possible danger within the film, thus allowing us to know what genre it is placed in. The lighting gets darker from the top left of the page to the bottom right, also implying that the end of the film will be “dark”